Dependent variable: Student Performance: PISA Math – Reading - Science Scores
Independent variable: Quality of school resources in urban vs. rural areas
Control Variables:
-Gender
-Student-teacher ratio
- school size divided by total number of teachers
- at any school level
- student lives with both parents
- based on highest level of education attained by mother
-ESCS index - PISA Index of Economic, Social, and Cultural Status
- index derived from three indices: highest occupational status of parents, highest educational level of parents, and home possessions
- index based on student responses of: own room, link to internet, dishwasher, DVD player, cell phones, televisions, computers, cars, and number of bathrooms in the house
- index derived from principals' perceptions of: qualified science, reading, and math teachers
- index of wealth, cultural possessions, and books at home